检查轨道衰减目标Kelt-9 B，Kelt-16 B和Wasp-4 B，以及HD 97658 B的转运变化

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检查轨道衰减目标Kelt-9 B，Kelt-16 B和Wasp-4 B，以及HD 97658 B的转运变化

Examining the orbital decay targets KELT-9 b, KELT-16 b and WASP-4 b, and the transit-timing variations of HD 97658 b

论文作者

Harre, J. -V., Smith, A. M. S., Barros, S. C. C., Boué, G., Csizmadia, Sz., Ehrenreich, D., Florén, H. -G., Fortier, A., Maxted, P. F. L., Hooton, M. J., Akinsanmi, B., Serrano, L. M., Rosário, N. M., Demory, B. -O., Jones, K., Laskar, J., Adibekyan, V., Alibert, Y., Alonso, R., Anderson, D. R., Anglada, G., Asquier, J., Bárczy, T., Navascues, D. Barrado y, Baumjohann, W., Beck, M., Beck, T., Benz, W., Billot, N., Biondi, F., Bonfanti, A., Bonfils, X., Brandeker, A., Broeg, C., Cabrera, J., Cessa, V., Charnoz, S., Cameron, A. Collier, Davies, M. B., Deleuil, M., Delrez, L., Demangeon, O. D. S., Erikson, A., Fossati, L., Fridlund, M., Gandolfi, D., Gillon, M., Güdel, M., Hellier, C., Heng, K., Hoyer, S., Isaak, K. G., Kiss, L. L., Etangs, A. Lecavelier des, Lendl, M., Lovis, C., Luntzer, A., Magrin, D., Nascimbeni, V., Olofsson, G., Ottensamer, R., Pagano, I., Pallé, E., Persson, C. M., Peter, G., Piotto, G., Pollacco, D., Queloz, D., Ragazzoni, R., Rando, N., Rauer, H., Ribas, I., Ricker, G. R., Salmon, S., Santos, N. C., Scandariato, G., Seager, S., Ségransan, D., Simon, A. E., Sousa, S. G., Steller, M., Szabó, Gy. M., Thomas, N., Udry, S., Ulmer, B., Van Grootel, V., Walton, N. A., Wilson, T. G., Winn, J. N., Wohler, B.

论文摘要

怀疑潮汐轨道衰减是特别是对于热木星而发生的，唯一可以观察到的是WASP-12 b的情况。通过检查这种效果，可以使用所谓的恒星修改潮汐质量因子$ q _*'$获得有关宿主星的性质的信息，该质量因子$ q _*'$，描述了行星在恒星中消散的效率。这可以有助于获取有关恒星内部的信息。在这项研究中，我们旨在改善对Kelt-9，Kelt-16和Wasp-4系统潮汐衰变的限制，以寻找或反对存在这种特殊效果的证据。这样，我们想限制每个恒星的各自的$ q _*'$ value。除此之外，我们还旨在测试HD 97658系统中运输时机变化（TTV）的存在，该系统以前以前偏向于轨道时期的二次趋势。利用Cheops和Tess的新获得的光度观测结果，结合档案交通和掩盖数据，我们使用Markov Chain Monte Carlo（MCMC）算法适合三个模型，一个恒定的时期模型，轨道衰减模型，以及APSidal Prosession模型。我们发现，暂时最好由Apsidal进动模型描述Kelt-9系统，轨道衰减趋势在2 $σ$中也是可能的解决方案。具有恒定轨道周期的开普勒轨道模型符合Kelt-16 B的运输时间，这是由于其误差线的散布和尺度。 WASP-4系统以轨道衰减模型为5 $σ$的意义最佳，尽管无法用当前数据排除Apsidal prepession。对于HD 97658 B，使用最近获得的过境观测值，我们没有发现数据中有强烈的二次趋势的确定证据。

Tidal orbital decay is suspected to occur especially for hot Jupiters, with the only observationally confirmed case of this being WASP-12 b. By examining this effect, information on the properties of the host star can be obtained using the so-called stellar modified tidal quality factor $Q_*'$, which describes the efficiency with which kinetic energy of the planet is dissipated within the star. This can help to get information about the interior of the star. In this study, we aim to improve constraints on the tidal decay of the KELT-9, KELT-16 and WASP-4 systems, to find evidence for or against the presence of this particular effect. With this, we want to constrain each star's respective $Q_*'$ value. In addition to that, we also aim to test the existence of the transit timing variations (TTVs) in the HD 97658 system, which previously favoured a quadratic trend with increasing orbital period. Making use of newly acquired photometric observations from CHEOPS and TESS, combined with archival transit and occultation data, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to fit three models, a constant period model, an orbital decay model, and an apsidal precession model, to the data. We find that the KELT-9 system is best described by an apsidal precession model for now, with an orbital decay trend at over 2 $σ$ being a possible solution as well. A Keplerian orbit model with a constant orbital period fits the transit timings of KELT-16 b the best due to the scatter and scale of their error bars. The WASP-4 system is represented the best by an orbital decay model at a 5 $σ$ significance, although apsidal precession cannot be ruled out with the present data. For HD 97658 b, using recently acquired transit observations, we find no conclusive evidence for a previously suspected strong quadratic trend in the data.

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