论文标题

我们玩的游戏:关键的复杂性改善了机器学习

The games we play: critical complexity improves machine learning

论文作者

Birhane, Abeba, Sumpter, David J. T.

论文摘要

当应用数学建模以捕获复杂的系统时,通常会创建多个模型来表征该系统的不同方面。通常,一个级别的模型会产生一个预测,该预测在另一个层面上是矛盾的,但是两个模型都被接受,因为它们都很有用。该模型不是要建立复杂系统的单个统一模型,而是承认捕获感兴趣系统的无限属,同时提供自己的特定见解。我们将这种对复杂系统的实用应用方法称为开放的机器学习(开放ML)。在本文中,我们将开放式ML定义为两种形式的ML的一些宏伟叙事:1)封闭的ML,ML,ML强调以最少的人类输入(例如Google's Alphazero)学习,而2)部分开放的ML,用于参数化现有模型的ML。为了实现这一目标,我们利用批判性复杂性的理论来评估这些宏伟的叙述并与开放的ML方法对比。具体来说,我们通过识别在ML社区中玩过的13个“游戏”来解构大型ML“理论”。这些游戏为模型提供了虚假的合法性,有助于过分宣传和炒作人工智能的能力,减少对主题的更广泛参与,导致模型加剧了不平等,并引起歧视并最终在研究中抑制创造力。我们认为,ML中的最佳实践应该与批判性复杂性观点更一致,而不是理性主义者,宏伟的叙述。

When mathematical modelling is applied to capture a complex system, multiple models are often created that characterize different aspects of that system. Often, a model at one level will produce a prediction which is contradictory at another level but both models are accepted because they are both useful. Rather than aiming to build a single unified model of a complex system, the modeller acknowledges the infinity of ways of capturing the system of interest, while offering their own specific insight. We refer to this pragmatic applied approach to complex systems -- one which acknowledges that they are incompressible, dynamic, nonlinear, historical, contextual, and value-laden -- as Open Machine Learning (Open ML). In this paper we define Open ML and contrast it with some of the grand narratives of ML of two forms: 1) Closed ML, ML which emphasizes learning with minimal human input (e.g. Google's AlphaZero) and 2) Partially Open ML, ML which is used to parameterize existing models. To achieve this, we use theories of critical complexity to both evaluate these grand narratives and contrast them with the Open ML approach. Specifically, we deconstruct grand ML `theories' by identifying thirteen 'games' played in the ML community. These games lend false legitimacy to models, contribute to over-promise and hype about the capabilities of artificial intelligence, reduce wider participation in the subject, lead to models that exacerbate inequality and cause discrimination and ultimately stifle creativity in research. We argue that best practice in ML should be more consistent with critical complexity perspectives than with rationalist, grand narratives.

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