论文标题

Agic:对联邦学习的近似梯度反演攻击

AGIC: Approximate Gradient Inversion Attack on Federated Learning

论文作者

Xu, Jin, Hong, Chi, Huang, Jiyue, Chen, Lydia Y., Decouchant, Jérémie

论文摘要

Federated Learning是一个私人设计的分布式学习范式,客户在中央服务器汇总本地更新以计算全局模型之前,客户在自己的数据上训练本地模型。根据所使用的聚合方法,本地更新是本地学习模型的梯度或权重。最近的重建攻击对单个MiniBatch的梯度更新应用了梯度反转优化,以重建客户在培训期间使用的私人数据。由于最新的重建攻击仅关注单个更新,因此忽略了现实的对抗场景,例如跨多个迷你批次训练的多个更新和更新的观察。一些研究考虑了一个更具挑战性的对抗场景,在该场景中,只能根据多个小型批次进行模型更新,并且可以观察到计算昂贵的模拟,以解开每个本地步骤的基本样本。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的近似梯度反转攻击,可有效,有效地重建来自模型或梯度更新以及跨多个时期的图像。简而言之,AGIC(i)近似于模型更新中使用的训练样本的梯度更新,以避免昂贵的仿真程序,(ii)利用从多个时期收集的梯度/模型更新,(iii)将重量增加到对层的重量相对于重建质量的神经网络结构。我们在三个数据集CIFAR-10,CIFAR-100和Imagenet上广泛评估AGIC。我们的结果表明,与两种代表性的最先进的梯度反转攻击相比,AGIC将峰值信噪比(PSNR)提高了50%。此外,AGIC的速度比基于最新的模拟攻击快,例如,在模型更新之间使用8个本地步骤攻击FedAvg时,它的速度快5倍。

Federated learning is a private-by-design distributed learning paradigm where clients train local models on their own data before a central server aggregates their local updates to compute a global model. Depending on the aggregation method used, the local updates are either the gradients or the weights of local learning models. Recent reconstruction attacks apply a gradient inversion optimization on the gradient update of a single minibatch to reconstruct the private data used by clients during training. As the state-of-the-art reconstruction attacks solely focus on single update, realistic adversarial scenarios are overlooked, such as observation across multiple updates and updates trained from multiple mini-batches. A few studies consider a more challenging adversarial scenario where only model updates based on multiple mini-batches are observable, and resort to computationally expensive simulation to untangle the underlying samples for each local step. In this paper, we propose AGIC, a novel Approximate Gradient Inversion Attack that efficiently and effectively reconstructs images from both model or gradient updates, and across multiple epochs. In a nutshell, AGIC (i) approximates gradient updates of used training samples from model updates to avoid costly simulation procedures, (ii) leverages gradient/model updates collected from multiple epochs, and (iii) assigns increasing weights to layers with respect to the neural network structure for reconstruction quality. We extensively evaluate AGIC on three datasets, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet. Our results show that AGIC increases the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) by up to 50% compared to two representative state-of-the-art gradient inversion attacks. Furthermore, AGIC is faster than the state-of-the-art simulation based attack, e.g., it is 5x faster when attacking FedAvg with 8 local steps in between model updates.

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