论文标题
在VIS/NIR波长范围内检测和表征嵌入式低质量巨型行星的可行性
Feasibility of detecting and characterizing embedded low-mass giant planets in gaps in the VIS/NIR wavelength range
论文作者
论文摘要
在可见的和近红外（VIS/NIR）中的高对比度成像揭示了偶尔磁盘（CSD）中存在大量的子结构。最常见的子结构之一是同心间隙，可能暗示存在嵌入式形成行星。但是，它们的直接检测很少见，因此仍然存在大多数差距特征的起源的歧义。这项研究的目的是研究直接检测和表征间隙中低质量巨型行星的高对比度VIS/NIR成像的能力。为此，生成了原动性磁盘模型的网格。这些型号包括一个中央的T牛里星，周围环绕着一个带有积聚行星的CSD，该星星本身被圆周磁盘（CPD）包围，并雕刻了一个间隙。我们使用蒙特卡洛辐射转移代码mol3d来产生温度分布和合成观测。基于这些模拟，我们测量了行星及其CPD对比曲线的影响，并量化了观测波长的影响以及五个关键参数对确定信号强度的影响。然后，我们在结果上应用了检测标准，并评估了检测嵌入行星的球体/VLT的功能。我们发现，所研究的参数空间的一部分包括可检测的行星，我们详细介绍了非检测的含义。此外，我们通过使用太小的冠状面膜来分析有价值信息的潜在损失。但是，我们发现这种结果不太可能。最后，在VIS/NIR中，我们确定了行星的每个研究的基本特性和磁盘最有前途的观测波长，使我们能够区分不同的基础参数值。我们发现，可检测性和表征通常受益于不同的观察波长。
High-contrast imaging in the visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) has revealed the presence of a plethora of substructures in circumstellar disks (CSDs). One of the most commonly observed substructures are concentric gaps that may hint at the presence of embedded forming planets. However, direct detections of them are rare, and thus ambiguity regarding the origin of most gap features remains. The aim of this study is to investigate the capabilities of high-contrast VIS/NIR imaging of directly detecting and characterizing low-mass giant planets in gaps. To this end, a grid of models of protoplanetary disks was generated. The models include a central T Tauri star surrounded by a face-on CSD harboring an accreting planet, which itself is surrounded by a circumplanetary disk (CPD) and carves a gap. We use the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code Mol3D to generate temperature distributions and synthetic observations. Based on these simulations, we measured the impact the planet and its CPD have on contrast curves and quantified the impact of the observing wavelength and of five key parameters on the determined signal strength. Then, we applied a detection criterion on our results and assess the capabilities of SPHERE/VLT of detecting the embedded planets. We find that a part of the investigated parameter space includes detectable planets, and we elaborate on the implications of a non-detection. Furthermore, we analyze the potential loss of valuable information by the use of a too small coronagraphic mask. However, we find this outcome to be very unlikely. Finally, within the VIS/NIR we identify for each of the investigated basic properties of the planets and the disks the most promising observing wavelengths that enable us to distinguish between different underlying parameter values. We find, that the detectability and the characterization often benefit from different observing wavelengths.
