论文标题

由于出现疲软而产生的强烈出现

Strong Emergence Arising from Weak Emergence

论文作者

Schmickl, Thomas

论文摘要

如果通过微观模型制成,出现在复杂系统的宏观层上的新兴现象的预测可能会失败。这项研究表明并分析了这一主张,该主张是康威人的生命游戏众所周知的复杂系统。直接的宏观平均场模型可以轻松地预测这些新兴特性,以拟合事后的方式拟合到仿真数据后。因此,这些预测仅是宏到麦克罗。但是,微观到麦克罗模型明显地无法正确预测,明显的介绍建模方法也是如此。这表明复杂动态系统中的某些宏观系统特性应被解释为由于缺乏构建一致的微观到麦克罗模型的能力而引起的现象(属性)的示例(属性),这可以在事先的方式中解释这些现象。这种无法以微观到漫画方式预测这一点的根本原因被确定为模式形成过程,这种现象通常被归类为“弱出现”。最终,这表明原则上可能不可能区分这种不同的“弱”和“强”出现的类别,因为两种类型的现象可能是主要控制系统动态的相同反馈回路的一部分。

Predictions of emergent phenomena, appearing on the macroscopic layer of a complex system, can fail if they are made by a microscopic model. This study demonstrates and analyses this claim on a well-known complex system, Conway's Game of Life. Straightforward macroscopic mean-field models are easily capable of predicting such emergent properties after they are fitted to simulation data in an after-the-fact way. Thus, these predictions are macro-to-macro only. However, a micro-to-macro model significantly fails to predict correctly, as does the obvious mesoscopic modeling approach. This suggests that some macroscopic system properties in a complex dynamic system should be interpreted as examples of phenomena (properties) arising from "strong emergence", due to the lack of ability to build a consistent micro-to-macro model, that could explain these phenomena in a before-the-fact way. The root cause for this inability to predict this in a micro-to-macro way is identified as the pattern formation process, a phenomenon that is usually classified as being of "weak emergence". Ultimately, this suggests that it may be in principle impossible to discriminate between such distinct categories of "weak" and "strong" emergence, as phenomena of both types can be part of the very same feedback loop that mainly governs the system's dynamics.

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