论文标题

非平衡稳态中流体和固体中的刚度和超快信号传播

Rigidity and Superfast Signal Propagation in Fluids and Solids in Non-Equilibrium Steady States

论文作者

Kirkpatrick, T. R., Belitz, D., Dorfman, J. R.

论文摘要

从理论上讲,在1980年代,在非平衡稳态(NESS)中,各种观察力的相关性在系统尺寸上以明确的意义上延长,延伸得很远。这将与平衡流体中的相关性形成鲜明对比,平衡流体的范围通常只有几个粒子直径。这些NESS相关性随后通过大量实验研究证实。与临界点处长期相关性不同,这些相关性是在任何温度中存在的意义上的一般性,只要系统在NESS中。在平衡系统中,通用远程相关性是由自发断裂的连续对称性引起的,并且与广义刚度相关联,这又导致了新的传播激发或模式。例如,在固体的空间刚度中,会导致横向声波,而在超氟中,相位刚性导致温度波在有限温度下称为第二个声音,而在零温度下的声子。更一般而言,长期的空间相关性意味着刚性如何,无论其物理起源如何。这意味着NES中的流体还应显示一种刚度和相关的异常运输行为。在这里,我们表明确实如此。对于在恒定温度梯度中简单流体的特定情况,异常的传输行为采用恒定压力温度扰动的超延伸性传播的形式。我们还讨论了弹性固体的情况,我们预测扩散速度比弹道更快。

In the 1980s it was theoretically predicted that correlations of various observables in a fluid in a non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) are extraordinarily long-ranged, extending, in a well-defined sense, over the size of the system. This is to be contrasted with correlations in an equilibrium fluid, whose range is typically just a few particle diameters. These NESS correlations were later confirmed by numerous experimental studies. Unlike long-ranged correlations at critical points, these correlations are generic in the sense that they exist for any temperature as long as the system is in a NESS. In equilibrium systems, generic long-ranged correlations are caused by spontaneously broken continuous symmetries and are associated with a generalized rigidity, which in turn leads to a new propagating excitation or mode. For example, in a solid, spatial rigidity leads to transverse sound waves, while in a superfluid, phase rigidity leads to temperature waves known as second sound at finite temperatures, and phonons at zero temperature. More generally, long-ranged spatial correlations imply rigidity irrespective of their physical origin. This implies that a fluid in a NESS should also display a type of rigidity and related anomalous transport behavior. Here we show that this is indeed the case. For the particular case of a simple fluid in a constant temperature gradient, the anomalous transport behavior takes the form of a super-diffusive spread of a constant-pressure temperature perturbation. We also discuss the case of an elastic solid, where we predict a spread that is faster than ballistic.

扫码加入交流群

加入微信交流群

微信交流群二维码

扫码加入学术交流群,获取更多资源