论文标题
犹豫不决的建模
Indecision Modeling
论文作者
论文摘要
AI系统通常用于在越来越多的应用程序(包括刑事司法,招聘和医学)中做出或为重要决策做出或做出贡献。由于这些决定会影响人类的生命,因此重要的是,AI系统以与人类价值观保持一致的方式起作用。偏好建模和社会选择的技术可帮助研究人员学习和汇总人们的偏好,这些偏好用于指导AI行为;因此,这些学习的偏好必须准确。这些技术通常认为人们愿意表达对替代方案的严格偏好。在实践中不是真的。人们通常是优柔寡断的,尤其是当他们的决定具有道德意义时。哲学和心理学文献表明,犹豫不决是一种可衡量且细微的行为 - 人们优柔寡断有几种不同的原因。这使学习和汇总偏好的任务变得复杂,因为大多数相关文献对犹豫不决的含义做出了限制性的假设。我们通过基于哲学,心理学和经济学的理论形式化了几种数学\ emph {Indecision}模型来弥合这一差距。这些模型可用于描述(优柔寡断)的代理决策,无论是在允许表达犹豫不决时,何时没有。我们使用从在线调查中收集的数据测试这些模型,参与者选择如何(假设)为等待移植的患者分配器官。
AI systems are often used to make or contribute to important decisions in a growing range of applications, including criminal justice, hiring, and medicine. Since these decisions impact human lives, it is important that the AI systems act in ways which align with human values. Techniques for preference modeling and social choice help researchers learn and aggregate peoples' preferences, which are used to guide AI behavior; thus, it is imperative that these learned preferences are accurate. These techniques often assume that people are willing to express strict preferences over alternatives; which is not true in practice. People are often indecisive, and especially so when their decision has moral implications. The philosophy and psychology literature shows that indecision is a measurable and nuanced behavior -- and that there are several different reasons people are indecisive. This complicates the task of both learning and aggregating preferences, since most of the relevant literature makes restrictive assumptions on the meaning of indecision. We begin to close this gap by formalizing several mathematical \emph{indecision} models based on theories from philosophy, psychology, and economics; these models can be used to describe (indecisive) agent decisions, both when they are allowed to express indecision and when they are not. We test these models using data collected from an online survey where participants choose how to (hypothetically) allocate organs to patients waiting for a transplant.