论文标题
在$ z \ 2 $的巨大$α$ nebulae中搜索灰尘和分子气
A search for dust and molecular gas in enormous Ly$α$ nebulae at $z\approx 2$
论文作者
论文摘要
巨大的$α$星云,延伸超过300-500 \,KPC围绕类星体,代表了星系和集群形成的巅峰。在这里,我们提出了巨大的$α$ nebulae“ slug'($ z $ = $ 2.282 $)和“ jackpot”($ z $ = $ = $ 2.041 $)的IRAM高原干涉仪的观察。我们的数据揭示了与三个星系中的CO(3-2)线(3-2)线所追踪的,与嵌入目标星云中的两个无线电大风Agn以及分子气体相关的明亮,同步发射(在Slagies中有两个来源,一个在大奖中)。所有CO发射都与在其静电架紫外线发射中检测到的星系有关。这三个星系的分子气体总质量[$ \ sim(3-5)\ times10^{10} $ m $ _ \ odot $]与负责弥漫性nebular发射的总电离气体质量可比。我们的观察结果对分子气体排放限制:分子气体表面密度为$σ_{\ rm H2} <12-25 $ M $ _ \ odot $ pc $ pc $^{ - 2} $,用于slug nebula和$σ_ PC $^{ - 2} $用于头奖星云。这些与预期的分子气体表面密度一致,如星云中的剩余紫外线发射的光电离世模型,以及在脂肪星云中的$ $α$吸收。与其他放射线($ z> 1 $)和高红移无线电 - 大通星系相比,我们没有发现与这些系统的分子气体储存库,无线电功率和LY $α$亮度相关的任何强烈趋势。实现从星云中检测分子气(如果存在)所需的敏感性的重要步骤将需要在JVLA,NOEMA或ALMA上进行大量时间投资。
Enormous Ly$α$ nebulae, extending over 300-500\,kpc around quasars, represent the pinnacle of galaxy and cluster formation. Here we present IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer observations of the enormous Ly$α$ nebulae `Slug' ($z$=$2.282$) and `Jackpot' ($z$=$2.041$). Our data reveal bright, synchrotron emission associated with the two radio-loud AGN embedded in the targeted nebulae, as well as molecular gas, as traced via the CO(3-2) line, in three galaxies (two sources in the Slug, and one in the Jackpot). All of the CO emission is associated with galaxies detected in their rest-frame UV stellar emission. The total mass in molecular gas of these three galaxies [$\sim (3-5)\times10^{10}$ M$_\odot$] is comparable with the total ionized gas mass responsible for the diffuse nebular emission. Our observations place limits on the molecular gas emission in the nebulae: The molecular gas surface density is $Σ_{\rm H2}<12-25$ M$_\odot$ pc$^{-2}$ for the Slug nebula and $Σ_{\rm H2}<34-68$ M$_\odot$ pc$^{-2}$ for the Jackpot nebula. These are consistent with the expected molecular gas surface densities, as predicted via photoionization models of the rest-frame UV line emission in the nebulae, and via Ly$α$ absorption in the Jackpot nebula. Compared to other radio--loud quasars at $z>1$, and high-redshift radio--loud galaxies, we do not find any strong trends relating the molecular gas reservoirs, the radio power, and the Ly$α$ luminosities of these systems. The significant step in sensitivity required to achieve a detection of the molecular gas from the nebulae, if present, will require a substantial time investment with JVLA, NOEMA, or ALMA.