论文标题
CMS端盖正时层(ETL)升级的低功耗时间转换器
A Low-Power Time-to-Digital Converter for the CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) Upgrade
论文作者
论文摘要
我们介绍了数字交换器(TDC)的设计和测试结果。 TDC将是读取高亮度LHC升级的CMS端盖正时层(ETL)的低增益雪崩检测器(LGADS)的读数ASIC的一部分。 ETROC设计的挑战之一是,在名义命中率为1%的情况下,TDC必须为每个像素消耗少于200W。为了满足低功率要求,我们在到达时间(TOA)和超过阈值(TOT)测量的时间内使用单个延迟线,而无需延迟控制。双层式自动校准方案用于补偿工艺变化,温度和电源电压。 TDC用65 nm的CMOS技术制造。 TDC的整体性能已得到评估。 TOA在其有效动态范围内的bin尺寸为17.8 PS。 TOA的有效测量精度分别为5.6 PS和9.9 PS,分别有和没有非线性校正。 TDC块在1%的命中率上消耗97 W。在温度范围为23 C至78 C和电源电压范围从1.05 V到1.35 V(标称值1.20 V),TOA的自校准的bin尺寸在0.4%以内变化。测得的TDC性能满足要求,但将来将进行更多测试以验证TDC是否符合耐辐射耐受性规范。
We present the design and test results of a Time-to-Digital-Converter (TDC). The TDC will be a part of the readout ASIC, called ETROC, to read out Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) for the CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) of High-Luminosity LHC upgrade. One of the challenges of the ETROC design is that the TDC is required to consume less than 200 W for each pixel at the nominal hit occupancy of 1%. To meet the low-power requirement, we use a single delay line for both the Time of Arrival (TOA) and the Time over Threshold (TOT) measurements without delay control. A double-strobe self-calibration scheme is used to compensate for process variation, temperature, and power supply voltage. The TDC is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The overall performances of the TDC have been evaluated. The TOA has a bin size of 17.8 ps within its effective dynamic range of 11.6 ns. The effective measurement precision of the TOA is 5.6 ps and 9.9 ps with and without the nonlinearity correction, respectively. The TDC block consumes 97 W at the hit occupancy of 1%. Over a temperature range from 23 C to 78 C and a power supply voltage range from 1.05 V to 1.35 V (the nominal value of 1.20 V), the self-calibrated bin size of the TOA varies within 0.4%. The measured TDC performances meet the requirements except that more tests will be performed in the future to verify that the TDC complies with the radiation-tolerance specifications.