论文标题
关于卫星星座对可见和红外域中ESO望远镜观察的影响
On the Impact of Satellite Constellations on Astronomical Observations with ESO telescopes in the Visible and Infrared Domains
论文作者
论文摘要
考虑到SpaceX，Amazon，OneWeb和其他卫星的18个星座，卫星星座对可见和IR领域观察的影响是估计的，拥有超过26,000颗卫星，构成了代表性分布。这项研究使用一系列简化和假设来获得对效应的保守，震颤估计的估计。 地平线上方的星座的照明卫星数量从日落后约1600，在天文暮色结束时减少到1100，其中大多数（〜85％）靠近地平线（<30deg）。这些卫星中的绝大多数将太微弱，无法用肉眼看到：在天文暮色中，比Mag 5亮110。其中大多数（〜95％）将靠近地平线。由于纬度和季节，裸眼卫星的数量暴跌，太阳降到了地平线30-40度。 卫星引起的光步道会在当晚的第一个和最后几个小时内使用狭窄到正常的现场成像或近乎IR的光谱技术破坏一小部分（低于1％的水平）。同样，卫星的热发射只会影响热IR观察的一小部分。但是，在夜晚的第一和最后几个小时，宽场暴露以及长期的中场暴露将在3％的水平上受到影响。此外，在非常大的望远镜（例如NSF的Rubin天文台，LSST）上进行的超宽成像暴露将受到显着影响，在当晚的第一个和最后几个小时中，有30％至40％的此类暴露受到损害。 因此，天文学界，卫星公司和政府机构之间的协调对于最大程度地减少和减轻对天文观察的影响至关重要，尤其是对望远镜调查的影响。
The effect of satellite constellations on observations in the visible and IR domains is estimated, considering 18 constellations in development by SpaceX, Amazon, OneWeb, and others, with over 26,000 satellites, constituting a representative distribution. This study uses a series of simplifications and assumptions to obtain conservative, order-of-magnitude estimates of the effects. The number of illuminated satellites from the constellations above the horizon ranges from ~1600 right after sunset, decreasing to 1100 at the end of astronomical twilight, most of them (~85%) close to the horizon (< 30deg). The large majority of these satellites will be too faint to be seen with the naked eye: at astronomical twilight, 110 brighter than mag 5. Most of them (~95%) will be close to the horizon. The number of naked-eye satellites plummets as the Sun reaches 30-40 deg below the horizon, depending on the latitude and season. The light trails caused by satellites would ruin a small fraction (below the 1% level) of exposures using narrow to normal field imaging or spectroscopic techniques in the visible and near IR during the first and last hours of the night. Similarly, the thermal emission of the satellite would affect only a negligible fraction of thermal IR observations. However, wide-field exposures, as well as long medium-field exposures,would be affected at the 3% level during the first and last hours of the night. Furthermore, ultra-wide imaging exposures on a very large telescope (eg NSF's Rubin Observatory, LSST), would be significantly affected, with 30 to 40% of such exposures being compromised during the first and last hours of the night. Coordination between the astronomical community, satellites companies, and government agencies is therefore critical to minimise and mitigate the effect on astronomical observations, in particular on survey telescopes.
